Strings and template literals

Text in JavaScript is a string, written with "double" or 'single' quotes — identical in meaning, pick one and be consistent.

Joining with +

Workable — but stitching many values with + " " + gets ugly fast. Modern JavaScript has something better.

Template literals: backtick strings

Wrap text in backticks (`) and embed any expression with ${...}:

Real expressions work inside ${} — math, function calls, anything. This is JavaScript's equivalent of Python's f-strings, and your default tool from here on.

Everyday string tools

• .length — character count (no parentheses — it's a property)
• .toUpperCase() / .toLowerCase()
• .includes(...) — true/false containment check
• .replace(old, new) — swap the first match

const n = 5;
console.log(`${n} + ${n} = ${n + n}`);

What's next

The type behind every decision: booleans — plus the difference between == and === that trips up half the internet.